z3c.form library

Description

z3c.form is flexible and powerful form library for Zope 3 applications. It is the recommended way to create complex Python-driven forms for Plone 4 and later versions.

Introduction

Plone uses z3c.form library with the following integration steps

  • plone.app.z3cform provides Plone specific widgets and main template

  • plone.z3cform integrates z3c.form with applications using Zope 2 mechanisms like acquisition

  • z3c.form is a form library which can be used with any Python application using Zope 3 HTTP requests objects

  • (Plone 4.4+ only) plone.app.widgets provide a better widget set over z3c.form default with more JavaScript-enabled features

Forms are modelled using zope.schema models written as Python classes. Widgets for modelled data are set by using either plone.directives.form hints set onto schema class or in z3c.form.form.Form based classes body.

Starting points to learn z3c.form in Plone

Other related packages you might want to take a closer look

z3c.form big picture

The form model consists of:

self.request

The incoming HTTP request.

self.context

The Plone content item which was associated with the form view when URL traversing was done.

self.getContent()

The actual object extracted from context and manipulated by the form if ignoreContext is not False.

self.status

A message displayed at the top of the form to the user when the form is rendered. Usually it will be “Please correct the errors below”.

The call-chain for a form goes like this:

  • Form.update() is called

    • [plone.autoform-based forms only] Calls Form.updateFields() - this will set widget factory methods for fields. If you want to customize the type of the widget associated with the field, do it here. If your form is not plone.autoform-based you need to edit form.schema widget factories on the module level code after the class has been constructed. The logic mapping widget hints to widgets is in plone.autoform.utils.

    • Calls Form.updateWidgets() - you can customize widgets at this point, if you override this method. The self.widgets instance is created based on the self.fields property.

    • Calls Form.updateActions()

      • Calls the action handler (the handler for the button which was clicked)

      • If it’s an edit form, the action handler calls applyChanges() to store new values on the object and returns True if any value was changed.

  • Form.render() is called

    • This renders the form as HTML, based on widgets and their templates.

Form

Simple boilerplate

Here is a minimal form implementation using z3c.form and Dexterity:

  • Include Dexterity in your buildout as instructed by Dexterity manual

  • Create Plone add-on product using Paster

Deprecated since version may_2015: Use bobtemplates.plone

  • Register the form in configure.zcml:

    <configure
    xmlns="http://namespaces.zope.org/zope"
    xmlns:browser="http://namespaces.zope.org/browser"
    xmlns:five="http://namespaces.zope.org/five"
    xmlns:genericsetup="http://namespaces.zope.org/genericsetup"
    xmlns:i18n="http://namespaces.zope.org/i18n"
    i18n_domain="example.dexterityforms">

  ...

    <browser:page
          for="Products.CMFCore.interfaces.ISiteRoot"
          name="my-form"
          permission="zope2.View"
          class=".form.MyForm"
          />

</configure>

  • Toss form.py into your add-on product:

    """

    Simple sample form

"""

from plone.directives import form

from zope import schema
from z3c.form import button

from Products.CMFCore.interfaces import ISiteRoot
from Products.statusmessages.interfaces import IStatusMessage


class IMyForm(form.Schema):
    """ Define form fields """

    name = schema.TextLine(
            title=u"Your name",
        )

class MyForm(form.SchemaForm):
    """ Define Form handling

    This form can be accessed as http://yoursite/@@my-form

    """

    schema = IMyForm
    ignoreContext = True

    label = u"What's your name?"
    description = u"Simple, sample form"

    @button.buttonAndHandler(u'Ok')
    def handleApply(self, action):
        data, errors = self.extractData()
        if errors:
            self.status = self.formErrorsMessage
            return

        # Do something with valid data here

        # Set status on this form page
        # (this status message is not bind to the session and does not go thru redirects)
        self.status = "Thank you very much!"

    @button.buttonAndHandler(u"Cancel")
    def handleCancel(self, action):
        """User cancelled. Redirect back to the front page.
        """

Setting form status message

The form’s global status message tells whether the form action succeeded or not.

The form status message will be rendered only on the form. If you want to set a message which will be visible even if the user renders another page after submitting the form, you need to use Products.statusmessage.

To set the form status message:

form.status = u"My message"

Emulating form HTTP POST in unit tests

  • The HTTP request must include at least one buttons field.

  • Form widget naming must match HTTP post values. Usually widgets have form.widgets prefix.

  • You must emulate the ZPublisher behavior which automatically converts string input to Python primitives. For example, all choice/select values are Python lists.

  • Some z3c widgets, like <select>, need to have WIDGETNAME-empty-marker value set to the integer 1 to be processed.

  • Usually you can get the dummy HTTP request object via acquisition from self.portal.REQUEST

Example (incomplete):

layout = "accommondationsummary_view"

# Zope publisher uses Python list to mark <select> values
self.portal.REQUEST["form.widgets.area"] = [SAMPLE_AREA]
self.portal.REQUEST["form.buttons.search"] = u"Search"
view = self.portal.cards.restrictedTraverse(layout)

# Call update() for form
view.process_form()
print view.form.render()

# Always check form errors after update()
errors = view.errors
self.assertEqual(len(errors), 0, "Got errors:" + str(errors))

A more complete example:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from freitag.membership.testing import FREITAGMEMBERSHIP_INTEGRATION_TESTING
from z3c.form.interfaces import IFormLayer
from zope.interface import alsoProvides

import unittest

FORM_ID = 'password_reset'


class TestPasswordReset(unittest.TestCase):

    layer = FREITAGMEMBERSHIP_INTEGRATION_TESTING

    def setUp(self):
        self.portal = self.layer['portal']

    def test_nonexisting_fridge_rand(self):
        # create a password reset form
        self.portal.REQUEST["form.widgets.password"] = u'tatatata'
        self.portal.REQUEST["form.widgets.password_repeat"] = u'tatatata'
        self.portal.REQUEST["form.widgets.fridge_rand"] = 'nonexisting'
        self.portal.REQUEST["form.buttons.submit"] = u"Whatever"
        alsoProvides(self.portal.REQUEST, IFormLayer)
        form = self.portal.password_resetter.restrictedTraverse(FORM_ID)
        form.update()

        # data, errors = resetForm.extractData()
        data, errors = form.extractData()
        self.assertEqual(len(errors), 0)

Note that you will need to set IFormLayer on the request, to prevent a ComponentLookupError.

Changing form ACTION attribute

By default, the HTTP POST request is made to context.absolute_url(). However you might want to make the post go to an external server.

Customizing form inner template

If you want to change the page template producing <form>...</form> part of the HTML code, follow the instructions below.

Note

Generally, when you have a template which extends Plone’s main_template you need to use the Products.Five.browser.pagetemplatefile.ViewPageTemplateFile class.

Example:

# Do not mix with Products.Five.browser.pagetemplatefile.ViewPageTemplateFile
from zope.app.pagetemplate import ViewPageTemplateFile as Zope3PageTemplateFile

class AddHeaderAnimationForm(crud.AddForm):
    """ Present form for adding a header animation """

    template = Zope3PageTemplateFile("custom-form-template.pt")

Customizing form frame

Please see plone.app.z3cform README.

Rendering a form manually

You can directly create a form instance and call it’s form.render() method. This will output the full page HTML. However, there is a way to only render the form body payload.

First create a form and update():

view.form = MyFormClass(self.context, self.request)
view.form.update()

Then you can invoke plone.app.z3cform macros directly to render the form body in your view’s page template.

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"
      xmlns:tal="http://xml.zope.org/namespaces/tal"
      xmlns:metal="http://xml.zope.org/namespaces/metal"
      xmlns:i18n="http://xml.zope.org/namespaces/i18n"
      metal:use-macro="here/main_template/macros/master"
      i18n:domain="plone.app.widgets"
      lang="en"
      >
<body>

    <metal:main fill-slot="main">
        <tal:main-macro metal:define-macro="main">

          <h1 class="documentFirstHeading">Plone fields and widgets demo</h1>

          <div id="skel-contents">
            <tal:form repeat="form view/demos">

                <!-- plone.app.z3cform package provides view ploneform-macros
                     which come with a helpers to render forms. This one
                     will render the form body only. It also makes an assumption
                     that form is presented in "view" TAL variable.

                  -->
                <tal:with-form-as-view define="view nocall:form">
                    <metal:block use-macro="form/@@ploneform-macros/titlelessform" />
                </tal:with-form-as-view>

            </tal:form>
          </div>

        </tal:main-macro>
    </metal:main>
</body>
</html>

Fields

A field is responsible for: 1) pre-populating form values from context 2) storing data to context after successful POST.

Form fields are stored in the form.fields variable, which is an instance of the Fields class (ordered, dictionary-like).

Creating a field

Fields are created by adapting one or more zope.schema fields for z3c.form using the Fields() constructor.

Example of creating one field:

import zope.schema
import z3c.form.field

schema_field = zope.schema.TextLine()
form_fields = z3c.form.field.Fields(schema_field)

# This is a reference to newly created z3c.form.field.Field object
one_form_field = zfields.values()[0]

Another example:

import zope.schema
import z3c.form.field

...

field = zope.schema.Bool(
                __name__ = "death_autofill",
                title=_(u"Fill missing timepoints"),
                description=_(u"Automatically fill information in missing timepoints if they occur after the death time"),
                required=False,
                default=True)

# Construct z3c.form field
fields_objects = z3c.form.field.Fields(field)

# We can perform autofill only if we know the treatment time
form.fields += fields_objects

Adding a field to a form

Use the overridden += operator of a Fields instance. Fields instances can be added to existing Fields instances.

Example:

self.form.fields += z3c.form.Fields(schema_field)

Modifying a field

Fields can be accessed by their name in form.fields. Example:

self.form.fields["myfieldname"].name = u"Foobar"

Accessing the schema of the field

A zope.schema Field is stored as a field attribute of a field. Example:

textline = self.form.fields["myfieldname"].field # zope.schema.TextLine

Note

There exist only one singleton instance of a schema during run-time. If you modify the schema fields, the changes are reflected to all subsequent form updates and other forms which use the same schema.

Read-only fields

There is field.readonly flag.

Example code:

class AREditForm(crud.EditForm):
    """ Form whose fields are dynamically constructed """

    def ar_editable(self):
        """ Arbitrary condition deciding whether fields on this form are
        patient=self.__parent__.__parent__
        if patient.getConfirmedAR()  in (None,'','EDITABLE_AR'):
            return True
        return False


    @property
    def fields(self):
        """
        Dynamically create field data based on run-time constructed schema.

        Instead using static ``fields`` attribute, we use Python property
        which allows us to generate z3c.form.fields.Fields instance for the
        for run-time.
        """


        constructor = ARFormConstructor(self.context, self.context.context, self.request)

        # Create z3c.form.field.Fields object instance
        fields = constructor.getFields()

        if not self.ar_editable():
            # Disable all fields in edit mode if this form is locked out
            for f in fields.values():
                f.mode = z3c.form.interfaces.DISPLAY_MODE

        return fields

You might also want to disable the edit button if none of the fields are editable:

# Make the edit button conditional
AREditSubForm.buttons["apply"].condition = lambda form: form.has_edit_button()

Note

You can also set z3c.form.interfaces.DISPLAY_MODE in updateWidgets() if you are not dynamically poking form fields themselves.

Warning

Do not modify fields on singleton instances (form or fields objects are shared between all forms). This causes problems on concurrent access.

Note

zope.schema.Field has a readonly property. z3c.form.field.Field does not have this property, but has the mode property. Do not confuse these two.

Dynamic schemas

Below is an example of how to include new schemas on the fly:

class EditForm(dexterity.EditForm, Helper):

    grok.context(IFlexibleContent)

    def updateFields(self):

        super(dexterity.EditForm, self).updateFields()
        sections = self.getSections()

        # See plone.app.z3cform.fieldsets.extensible for more examples
        for s in sections:

            # s = {'schema': <InterfaceClass your.app.content.flexiblecontent.IBodyText>, 'id': u'title', 'name': u'Title'}
            if s == None:
                # This section has been removed from available flexi_blocks
                continue

            # convert zope schema interface to z3c.form.Fields instance
            schema = s["schema"]

            if not schema.providedBy(self.context):
                # We need to force the content item to provide
                # custom for interfaces or datamanger is not happy
                #   Module z3c.form.datamanager, line 51, in adapted_context
                #   TypeError: ('Could not adapt', <Item at /xxx/tydryd>, <InterfaceClass xxx.app.content.flexiblecontent.IColumns>)
                alsoProvides(self.context, schema) # XXX: This is persistent change?

            # We need to manually apply hints from plone.directives.form, as
            # updateFields() does it for base schema earlier
            processFields(self, schema, permissionChecks=True)

        print "Final results"
        for name, field in self.fields.items():
            print str(name) + " " + str(field)

Date and time

Example:

class IDeal(form.Schema):
    """
    Deals and discounts item
    """

    validUntil = schema.Datetime(title=u"Valid until")

See

Making boolean field required

E.g. to make “Accept Terms and Conditions” checkbox

Widgets

Widget are responsible for 1) rendering HTML code for input; 2) parsing HTTP post input.

Widgets are stored as the widgets attribute of a form. It is presented by an ordered dict-like Widgets class.

Widgets are only available after the form’s update() and updateWidgets() methods have been called. updateWidgets() will bind widgets to the form context. For example, vocabularies defined by name are resolved at this point.

A widget has two names:

  • widget.__name__ is the name of the corresponding field. Lookups from form.widgets[] can be done using this name.

  • widget.name is the decorated name used in HTML code. It has the format ${form name}.${field set name}.${widget.__name__}.

The Zope publisher will also mangle widget names based on what kind of input the widget takes. When an HTTP POST request comes in, Zope publisher automatically converts <select> dropdowns to lists and so on.

Setting a widget for a field

Using plone.directives.form schema hints

Example:

from plone.directives import form
from zope import schema
from plone.app.z3cform.wysiwyg import WysiwygFieldWidget

class ISampleSchema(form.Schema):

    # A fieldset with id 'extra' and label 'Extra information' containing
    # the 'footer' and 'dummy' fields. The label can be omitted if the
    # fieldset has already been defined.

    form.fieldset('extra',
            label=u"Extra information",
            fields=['footer', 'dummy']
        )

    # Here a widget is specified as a dotted name.
    # The body field is also designated as the priamry field for this schema

    form.widget(body='plone.app.z3cform.wysiwyg.WysiwygFieldWidget')
    form.primary('body')
    body = schema.Text(
            title=u"Body text",
            required=False,
            default=u"Body text goes here"
        )

More info

Setting widget for z3c.form plain forms

You can set field’s widgetFactory after fields have been declared in form class body.

Example:

import zope.schema
import zope.interface

import z3c.form
from z3c.form.browser.checkbox import CheckBoxFieldWidget


class IReportSchema(zope.interface.Interface):
    """ Define reporter form fields """

    variables = zope.schema.List(
        title=u"Variables",
        description=u"Choose which variables to include in the output report",
        required=False,
        value_type=zope.schema.Choice(vocabulary="output_variables"))


class ReportForm(z3c.form.form.Form):
    """ A form to output a HTML report from chosen parameters """

    fields = z3c.form.field.Fields(IReportSchema)

    fields["variables"].widgetFactory = CheckBoxFieldWidget

Setting widget dynamically Form.updateWidgets()

Widget type can be set dynamically based on external conditions.

class EditForm9(EditForm):
    label = u'Rendering widgets as blocks instead of cells'

    grok.name('demo-collective.z3cform.datagrid-block-edit')

    def updateWidgets(self):
        super(EditForm9, self).updateWidgets()
        # Set a custom widget for a field for this form instance only
        self.fields['address'].widgetFactory = BlockDataGridFieldFactory

Accessing a widget

A widget can be accessed by its field’s name. Example:

class MyForm(z3c.form.Form):

    def update(self):
        z3c.form.Form.update(self)
        widget = form.widgets["myfieldname"] # Get one widget

        for w in widget.items(): print w # Dump all widgets

Introspecting form widgets

Example:

from z3c.form import form

class MyForm(form.Form):

    def updateWidgets(self):
        """ Customize widget options before rendering the form. """
        form.Form.updateWidgets(self)

        # Dump out all widgets - note that each <fieldset> is a subform
        # and this function only concerns the current fieldset
        for i in self.widgets.items():
            print i

Reordering and hiding widgets

With Dexterity forms you can use plone.directives.form:

from z3c.form.interfaces import IAddForm, IEditForm

class IFlexibleContent(form.Schema):
    """
    Description of the Example Type
    """

    # -*- Your Zope schema definitions here ... -*-
    form.order_before(sections='title')
    form.mode(sections='hidden')
    form.mode(IEditForm, sections='input')
    form.mode(IAddForm, sections='input')
    sections = schema.TextLine(title=u"Sections")

Modifying a widget

Widgets are stored in the form.widgets dictionary, which maps field name to widget. The widget label can be different than the field name.

Example:

from z3c.form import form

class MyForm(form.Form):

    def updateWidgets(self):
        """ Customize widget options before rendering the form. """

        self.widgets["myfield"].label = u"Foobar"

If you want to have a completely different Python class for a widget, you need to override field’s widget factory in the module body code after fields have been constructed in the class, or in the update() method for dynamically constructed fields:

def updateWidgets(self):
     self.fields["animation"].widgetFactory = HeaderFileFieldWidget

Reorder form widgets

plone.z3cform allows you to reorder the field widgets by overriding the update method of the form class.

Example:

from z3c.form import form
from plone.z3cform.fieldsets.utils import move

class MyForm(form.Form):

    def update(self):
    super(MyForm, self).update()
    move(self, 'fullname', before='*')
    move(self, 'username', after='fullname')
    super(ProfileRegistrationForm, self).update()

For more information about how to reorder fields see the plone.z3cform page at PyPI:

<https://pypi.python.org/pypi/plone.z3cform#fieldsets-and-form-extenders>`_

Hiding fields

Here’s how to do it in pure z3c.form:

import z3c.form.interfaces
...

    def updateWidgets(self):
        self.widgets["getAvailability"].mode = z3c.form.interfaces.HIDDEN_MODE

If you want to hide a widget that is part of a group, you cannot use the updateWidgets method. The groups and their widgets get initialized after the widgets have been updated. Before that, the groups variable is just a list of group factories. During the update method though, the groups have been initialized and have their own widget list each. For hiding widgets there, you have to access the group in the update method like so:

import z3c.form.interfaces
...

    def update(self):
        for group in self.groups:
            if 'xxx' in group.widgets:
                group.widgets['xxx'].mode = z3c.form.interfaces.HIDDEN_MODE

groups itself is a list like object, you can also remove a complete group by removing it from the group dictionary.

Unprefixing widgets

By default each form widget gets a name prefixed by the form id. This allows you to combine several forms on the same page.

You can override this behavior in updateWidgets():

# Remove prefix from form widget names, so that
# the names are actual names on the remote server
for widget in self.widgets.values():
    # form.widgets.foobar -> foobar
    widget.id = widget.name = widget.field.__name__

Note

Some templates, like select_input.pt, have hard-coded name suffixes like :list to satisfy ZPublisher machinery. If you need to get rid of these, you need to override the template.

Making widgets required conditionally

If you want to avoid hardwired required on fields and toggle then conditionally, you need to supply a dynamically modified schema field to the z3c.form.field.Fields instance of the form.

Example:

class ShippingAddressForm(CheckoutSubform):
    ignoreContext = True
    label = _(u"Shipping address")

    # Distinct fields on same <form> HTML element
    prefix = "shipping"

    def __init__(self, optional, content, request, parentForm):
        """
        @param optional: Whether shipping address should be validated or not.
        """
        subform.EditSubForm.__init__(self, content, request, parentForm)
        self.optional = optional

    @property
    def fields(self):
        """ Get the field definition for this form.

        Form class's fields attribute does not have to
        be fixed, it can be property also.
        """

        # Construct the Fields instance as we would
        # normally do in more static way
        fields = z3c.form.field.Fields(ICheckoutAddress)

        # We need to override the actual required from the
        # schema field which is a little tricky.
        # Schema fields are shared between instances
        # by default, so we need to create a copy of it
        if self.optional:
            for f in fields.values():
                # Create copy of a schema field
                # and force it unrequired
                schema_field = copy.copy(f.field) # shallow copy of an instance
                schema_field.required = False
                f.field = schema_field

        return fields

Setting widget types

By default, widgets for form fields are determined by FieldWidget adapters (defined in ZCML). You can override adapters per field using field’s widgetFactory property.

Below is an example which creates a custom widget, its FieldWidget factory, and uses it for one field in one form:

from zope.component import adapter, getMultiAdapter
from zope.interface import implementer, implements, implementsOnly

from z3c.form.interfaces import IFieldWidget
from z3c.form.widget import FieldWidget

from plone.formwidget.namedfile.widget import NamedFileWidget, NamedImageWidget

class HeaderFileWidget(HeaderWidgetMixin, NamedFileWidget):

    # Get download url for HeaderAnimation object's file.
    # Download URL is set externally by edit sub form and
    download_url = None

class HeaderImageWidget(HeaderWidgetMixin, NamedImageWidget):
    pass

@implementer(IFieldWidget)
def HeaderFileFieldWidget(field, request):
    """ Factory for creating HeaderFileWidget which is bound to one field
    """
    return FieldWidget(field, HeaderFileWidget(request))

class EditHeaderAnimationSubForm(crud.EditSubForm):
    """
    """

    def updateWidgets(self):
        """ Enforce custom widget types which get file/image attachment URL right """
        # Custom widget types are provided by FieldWidget factories
        # before updateWidgets() is called
        self.fields["animation"].widgetFactory = HeaderFileFieldWidget

        crud.EditSubForm.updateWidgets(self)

        # Make edit form aware of correct image download URLs
        self.widgets["animation"].download_url = "http://mymagicalurl.com"

Alternatively, you can use plone.directives.form to add widget hints to form schema.

Widget save

After form.update() if the request was save and all data was valid, form.applyChanges(data) is called.

By default widgets use datamanger.AttributeField and try to store their values as a member attribute of the object returned by form.getContent().

Todo

How do add custom DataManager

Widget value

The widget value, either from form POST or previous context data, is available as widget.value after the form.update() call.

Adding a CSS class

Widgets have a method addClass() to add extra CSS classes. This is useful if you have JavaScript/JQuery associated with your special form:

widget.addClass("myspecialwidgetclass")

Note that these classes are directly applied to <input>, <select>, etc. itself, and not to the wrapping <div> element.

Accessing the schema of the field

A zope.schema Field is stored as a field attribute of a widget. Example:

textline = form.widgets["myfieldname"].field # zope.schema.TextLine

Warning

Widget.field is not a z3c.form.field.Field object.

Getting selection widget vocabulary value as human readable text

Example:

widget = self.widgets["myselectionlist"]

token = widget.value[0] # widget.value is list of unicode strings, each is token for the vocabulary

user_readable = widget.terms.getTermByToken(token).title

Example (page template)

<td tal:define="widget view/widgets/myselectionlist">
    <span tal:define="token python:widget.value[0]"
          tal:content="python:widget.terms.getTermByToken(token).title" />
</td>

Setting widget templates

You might want to customize the template of a widget to have custom HTML code for a specific use case.

Setting the template of an individual widget

First copy the existing page template code of the widget. For basic widgets you can find the template in the z3c.form source tree.

yourwidget.pt (text area widget copied over an example text)

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
      xmlns:tal="http://xml.zope.org/namespaces/tal"
      tal:omit-tag="">

<!-- Sections widget custom templates -->

<textarea
   id="" name="" class="" cols="" rows=""
   tabindex="" disabled="" readonly="" accesskey=""
   tal:attributes="id view/id;
                   name view/name;
                   class view/klass;
                   style view/style;
                   title view/title;
                   lang view/lang;
                   onclick view/onclick;
                   ondblclick view/ondblclick;
                   onmousedown view/onmousedown;
                   onmouseup view/onmouseup;
                   onmouseover view/onmouseover;
                   onmousemove view/onmousemove;
                   onmouseout view/onmouseout;
                   onkeypress view/onkeypress;
                   onkeydown view/onkeydown;
                   onkeyup view/onkeyup;
                   disabled view/disabled;
                   tabindex view/tabindex;
                   onfocus view/onfocus;
                   onblur view/onblur;
                   onchange view/onchange;
                   cols view/cols;
                   rows view/rows;
                   readonly view/readonly;
                   accesskey view/accesskey;
                   onselect view/onselect"
   tal:content="view/value" />
</html>

Now you can override the template factory in the updateWidgets() method of your form class

from zope.browserpage.viewpagetemplatefile import ViewPageTemplateFile as Z3ViewPageTemplateFile
from z3c.form.interfaces import INPUT_MODE

class AddForm(DefaultAddForm):

    def updateWidgets(self, prefix=None):
        """ """
        # Call parent to set-up initial widget data
        DefaultAddForm.updateWidgets(self, prefix=prefix)

        # Note we need to be discreet to different form modes (view, edit, hidden)
        if self.fields["sections"].mode == INPUT_MODE:

            # Modify a widget with certain name for our purposes
            widget = self.widgets["sections"]

            # widget.template is a template factory -
            # Widget.render() will associate later this factory with the widget
            widget.template = Z3ViewPageTemplateFile("templates/sections.pt")

You can also interact with your form class instance from the widget template

<!-- Some hidden JSON data for our Javascripts by calling a method on our form class -->
<span style="display:none" tal:content="view/form/getBlockPlanJSON" />

Setting template for your own widget type

You can set the template used by the widget with the <z3c:widgetTemplate> ZCML directive

<z3c:widgetTemplate
    mode="display"
    widget=".interfaces.INamedFileWidget"
    layer="z3c.form.interfaces.IFormLayer"
    template="file_display.pt"
    />

You can also enforce the widget template in the render() method of the widget class:

from zope.component import adapter, getMultiAdapter
from zope.interface import implementer, implements, implementsOnly
from zope.app.pagetemplate.viewpagetemplatefile import ViewPageTemplateFile

from z3c.form.interfaces import IFieldWidget, INPUT_MODE, DISPLAY_MODE, HIDDEN_MODE
from z3c.form.widget import FieldWidget

from plone.formwidget.namedfile.widget import NamedFileWidget, NamedImageWidget

class HeaderFileWidget(NamedFileWidget):
    """ Subclass widget a use a custom template """

    display_template = ViewPageTemplateFile("header_file_display.pt")

    def render(self):
        """See z3c.form.interfaces.IWidget."""

        if self.mode == DISPLAY_MODE:
            # Enforce template and do not query it from the widget template factory
            template = self.display_template

        return NamedFileWidget.render(self)

Widget template example:

<span id="" class="" i18n:domain="plone.formwidget.namedfile"
      tal:attributes="id view/id;
                      class view/klass;
                      style view/style;
                      title view/title;
                      lang view/lang;
                      onclick view/onclick;
                      ondblclick view/ondblclick;
                      onmousedown view/onmousedown;
                      onmouseup view/onmouseup;
                      onmouseover view/onmouseover;
                      onmousemove view/onmousemove;
                      onmouseout view/onmouseout;
                      onkeypress view/onkeypress;
                      onkeydown view/onkeydown;
                      onkeyup view/onkeyup"
        tal:define="value view/value;
                    exists python:value is not None">
    <span tal:define="fieldname view/field/__name__ | nothing;
                      filename view/filename;
                      filename_encoded view/filename_encoded;"
            tal:condition="python: exists and fieldname">
        <a tal:content="filename"
           tal:attributes="href string:${view/download_url}">Filename</a>
        <span class="discreet"> &mdash; <span tal:define="sizekb view/file_size" tal:replace="sizekb">100</span> KB</span>
    </span>
    <span tal:condition="not:exists" class="discreet" i18n:translate="no_file">
        No file
    </span>
</span>

Setting widget frame template

You can change how the frame around each widget is rendered in the widget rendering loop. This frame has elements like label, required marker, field description and so on.

For instructions see plone.app.z3cform README

Combined widgets

You can combine multiple widgets to one with z3c.form.browser.multil.MultiWidget and z3c.form.browser.object.ObjectWidget classes.

Example how to create a min max input widget.

Python code to setup the widget:

import zope.interface
import zope.schema
from zope.schema.fieldproperty import FieldProperty

import z3c.form
from z3c.form.object import registerFactoryAdapter


class IMinMax(zope.interface.Interface):
    """ Helper schema for min and max fields """

    min = zope.schema.Float(required=False)

    max = zope.schema.Float(required=False)


@zope.interface.implementer(IMinMax)
class MinMax(object):
    """ Store min-max field values """
    min = FieldProperty(IMinMax['min'])
    max = FieldProperty(IMinMax['max'])


registerFactoryAdapter(IMinMax, MinMax)

....

field = zope.schema.Object(__name__='mixmax', title=label, schema=IMinMax, required=False)

Then we do some widget marking in updateWidgets():

def updateWidgets(self):
    """
    """

    super(FilteringGroup, self).updateWidgets()

    # Add min and max CSS class rendering hints
    for widget in self.widgets.values():
        if isinstance(widget, z3c.form.browser.object.ObjectWidget):
            widget.template = Z3ViewPageTemplateFile("templates/minmax.pt")
            widget.addClass("min-max-widget")
            zope.interface.alsoProvides(widget, IFilterWidget)

And then the page template which renders both 0. widget (min) and 1. widget (max) on the same line.

<div class="min-max-widget"
     tal:define="widget0 python:view.subform.widgets.values()[0]; widget1 python:view.subform.widgets.values()[1];">

    <tal:comment>
        <!-- Use label from the first widget -->
    </tal:comment>

    <div class="label">
      <label tal:attributes="for widget0/id">
        <span i18n:translate=""
            tal:content="widget0/label">label</span>
      </label>
    </div>

    <div class="widget-left" tal:define="widget widget0">

        <div tal:content="structure widget/render">
          <input type="text" size="24" value="" />
        </div>


    </div>

    <div class="widget-separator">
    -
    </div>

    <div class="widget-right" tal:define="widget widget1">

        <div class="widget" tal:content="structure widget/render">
          <input type="text" size="24" value="" />
        </div>

    </div>


    <div tal:condition="widget0/error"
         tal:replace="structure widget/error/render">error</div>

    <div class="error" tal:condition="widget1/error"
             tal:replace="structure widget1/error/render">error</div>


    <div style="clear: both"><!-- --></div>

    <input name="field-empty-marker" type="hidden" value="1"
           tal:attributes="name string:${view/name}-empty-marker" />

</div>

Buttons

Buttons enable actions in forms. AddForm and EditForm base classes come with default buttons (Save).

More information in z3c.form documentation

Adding a button to form

The easiest way to add handlers for buttons is to use a function decorator z3c.form.button.buttonAndHandler().

The first parameter is the user visible label and the second one is the <input> name.

Example:

from z3c.form import button

class Form(...):

    @button.buttonAndHandler(_('Add'), name='add')
    def handle_add(self, action):
        data, errors = self.extractData()
        if errors:
            self.status = "Please correct errors"
            return

        self.applyChanges(data)
        self.status = _(u"Item added successfully.")

The default z3c.form.form.AddForm and z3c.form.form.EditForm Add and Save button handler calls are good code examples.

If you created a form based on another form, the buttons defined on that other form get lost. To prevent that, you must explicitly add the buttons of the base class in your form class:

from z3c.form import button
from z3c.form.form import EditForm

class Form(EditForm):

    buttons = EditForm.buttons.copy()

    @button.buttonAndHandler(...)
    def handle_add(...):
        ...

Adding buttons conditionally

The buttonAndHandler decorator can accept a condition argument. The condition should be a function that accepts the form as an argument and returns a boolean. Example, a button that only shows when a condition is met:

@button.buttonAndHandler(
    u"Delete Event",
    name="handleDelete",
    condition=lambda form: form.okToDelete()
    )
def handleDelete(self, action):
    """
        Delete this event.
    """

    ...

    self.status = "Event deleted."

Manipulating form buttons programmatically

You want to manipulate buttons if you want to hide buttons dynamically, manipulate labels, etc.

Buttons are stored in buttons class attribute.

Warning

Button storage is shared between all form instances, do not mutate its content. Instead create a copy of it if you wish to have form-specific changes.

Reading buttons

Example:

self.mobile_form_instance = MobileForm(self.context, self.request)

for i in self.mobile_form_instance.buttons.items(): print i
('apply', <Button 'apply' u'Apply'>)

Removing or hiding buttons

Here is an example how to hide all buttons from a certain form instance.

Example:

import copy

def update(self):
        # Hide form buttons

        # Create immutable copy which you can manipulate
        self.mobile_form_instance.buttons = copy.deepcopy(self.mobile_form_instance.buttons)

        # Remove button using dictionary style delete
        for button_id in self.mobile_form_instance.buttons.keys():
            del self.mobile_form_instance.buttons[button_id]

Adding buttons dynamically

In the example below, the Buttons array is already constructed dynamically and we can manipulate it:

def setActions(self):
    """ Add button to the form based on dynamic conditions. """

    if self.isSaveEnabled():

        but = button.Button("save", title=u"Save")
        self.form.buttons += button.Buttons(but)

        self.form.buttons._data_keys.reverse() # Fix Save button to left

        handler = button.Handler(but, self.form.__class__.handleSave)
        self.form.handlers.addHandler(but, handler)

Subforms

Subforms are embedded z3c forms inside a master form.

Subforms may have their own buttons or use the controls from the master form. You need to call update() manually for subforms.

More info

Adding an action to parent and subform

Parent and subform actions must be linked.

Example:

class CheckoutForm(z3c.form.form.EditForm):


    @button.buttonAndHandler(_('Continue'), name='continue')
    def handleContinue(self, action):
        """ Extract the checkout data to session and redirect to payment Arbitrary checkout screen.

        Note:

        """

        # Following has been copied from z3c.form.form.EditForm
        data, errors = self.extractData()
        if errors:
            self.status = self.formErrorsMessage
            return

        changes = self.applyChanges(data)

        if changes:
            self.status = self.successMessage
        else:
            self.status = self.noChangesMessage


class CheckoutSubform(subform.EditSubForm):
    """ Add support for continue action. """

        def execute(self):
            """
            Make sure that the form is refreshed when parent
            form Continue is pressed.
            """

            data, errors = self.extractData()
            if errors:
                self.errors = errors
                self.status = self.formErrorsMessage
                return errors

            content = self.getContent()
            z3c.form.form.applyChanges(self, content, data)

            return None

        @button.handler(CheckoutForm.buttons['continue'])
        def handleContinue(self, action):
            """ What happens when the parent form button is pressed """
            self.execute()

Creating subforms at run-time

Below is an example how to convert existing form instance to be used as an subform in another form:

def convertToSubForm(self, form_instance):
    """
    Make existing form object behave like subform object.

    * Do not render <form> frame

    * Do not render actions

    @param form_instance: Constructed z3c.form.form.Form object
    """

    # Create mutable copy which you can manipulate
    form_instance.buttons = copy.deepcopy(form_instance.buttons)

    # Remove subform action buttons using dictionary style delete
    for button_id in form_instance.buttons.keys():
        del form_instance.buttons[button_id]

    if HAS_WRAPPER_FORM:
        # Plone 4 / Plone 3 compatibility
        zope.interface.alsoProvides(form_instance, IWrappedForm)

    # Use subform template - this prevents getting embedded <form>
    # elements inside the master <form>
    import plone.z3cform
    #from zope.pagetemplatefile import ViewPageTemplateFile as Zope3PageTemplateFile
    from zope.app.pagetemplate import ViewPageTemplateFile as Zope3PageTemplateFile
    from zope.app.pagetemplate.viewpagetemplatefile import BoundPageTemplate
    template = Zope3PageTemplateFile('subform.pt', os.path.join(os.path.dirname(plone.z3cform.__file__), "templates"))
    form_instance.template = BoundPageTemplate(template, form_instance)

Note

If possible, try to construct your form class hierarchy so that you can use the same class mix-in for normal forms and subforms.

CRUD form

CRUD (Create, read, update, delete) forms manage list of objects.

CRUD form elements:

  • Add form creates new objects and renders the form below the table

  • Edit sub-form edits existing object and renders one table row

  • Edit form lists all objects and allows deleting them (table master)

  • CRUD form orchestrates the whole thing and renders add and edit forms

  • view_schema outputs read-only fields in CRUD table

  • update_schema outputs editable fields in CRUD table. Usually you want either view_schema or update_schema.

  • add_schema outputs add form.

Note

the context attribute of add and edit form is the parent CRUD form. The context attribute of an edit subform is the edit form.

Examples

Displaying the status message in a non-standard location

By default, the status message is rendered inside plone.app.z3cform macros.pt above the form:

<metal:define define-macro="titlelessform">

    <tal:status define="status view/status" condition="status">
        <dl class="portalMessage error" tal:condition="view/widgets/errors">
            <dt i18n:domain="plone" i18n:translate="">
                Error
            </dt>
            <dd tal:content="status" />
        </dl>
        <dl class="portalMessage info" tal:condition="not: view/widgets/errors">
            <dt i18n:domain="plone" i18n:translate="">
                Info
            </dt>
            <dd tal:content="status" />
        </dl>
    </tal:status>

We can decouple the status message from the form, without overriding all the templates, by copying status message variable to another variable and then playing around with it in our wrapper view template.

Form class:

class HolidayServiceSearchForm(form.Form):
    """
    """

    @button.buttonAndHandler(_(u"Search"))
    def searchHandler(self, action):
        """ Search form submit handler for product card search.
        """

        data, errors = self.extractData()
        if len(self.search_results) == 0:
            self.status = _(u"No holiday services found.")
        else:
            msgid = _("found_results", default=u"Found ${results} holiday services.", mapping={u"results" : len(self.search_results)})
            self.status = self.context.translate(msgid)

        ...

        # Use non-standard location to display the status
        # for success messages
        if len(self.widgets.errors) == 0:
            self.result_message = self.status
            self.status = None

class HolidayServiceSearchView(FormWrapper):
    """ HolidayService browser view
    """

    form = HolidayServiceSearchForm

    def result_message(self):
        """ Display result message in non-standard location """

        if len(self.form_instance.widgets.errors) == 0:
            # Do not display form highlight errors here
            return self.form_instance.result_message

… and then we can use a special result_message view accessor in our view template code

<tal:comment replace="nothing">Form submit anchor</tal:comment>
<a name="searched" />

<tal:status define="status view/result_message" condition="python:status != None">
    <dl class="portalMessage info">
        <dt i18n:domain="plone" i18n:translate="">
            Info
        </dt>
        <dd tal:content="status" />
    </dl>
</tal:status>

Storage format and data managers

By default, z3c.form reads incoming context values as the object attributes. This behavior can be customized using data managers.

You can, for example, use Python dictionaries to read and store form data.

Custom content objects

The following hack can be used if you have an object which does not conform your form interface and you want to expose only certain object attribute to the form to be edited.

Example:

class ISettings(zope.interface.Interface):

    # This maps to Archetypes field confirmedAR on SitsPatient
    confirmedAR = zope.schema.Choice(
            title=_(u"Confirm adherse reactions"),
            description=_(u"Confirm that all adherse reactions regarding the patient life cycle have been entered here and there will be no longer adherse reaction data"),
            vocabulary=make_zope_schema_vocabulary(ADVERSE_STATUS_VOCABULARY))

class ARSettingsForm(form.Form):
    """ General settings for all adherse reactions """

    fields = Fields(ISettings)

    def getContent(self):
        """ """

        # Create a temporary object holding the settings values out of the patient

        class TemporarySettingsContext(object):
            zope.interface.implements(ISettings)

        obj = TemporarySettingsContext()

        # Copy values we want to expose to the form from Plone context item to the temporary object
        obj.confirmedAR = self.context.confirmedAR

        return obj

Note

Since getContent() is also used in applyChanges(), you need to override applyChanges() as well to save values correctly to a persistent object.

Custom change applying

The default, the behavior of the z3c.form edit form is to write incoming data as the attributes of the object returned by getContent().

You can override this behavior by overriding applyChanges() method.

Example:

def applyChanges(self, data):
    """
    Reflect confirmed status to Archetypes schema.

    @param data: Dictionary of cleaned form data, keyed by field
    """


    # This is the context given to the form when the form object was constructed
    patient = self.context

    assert ISitsPatient.providedBy(patient) # safety check

    # Call archetypes field mutator to store the value on the patient object
    patient.setConfirmedAR(data["confirmedAR"])

WYSIWYG widgets

By using plone.directives.form and plone.app.z3cform packages you can do:

from plone.app.z3cform.wysiwyg import WysiwygFieldWidget

from mfabrik.plonezohointegration import _

class ISettings(form.Schema):
    """ Define schema for settings of the add-on product """

    form.widget(contact_form_prefix=WysiwygFieldWidget)
    contact_form_prefix = schema.Text(
            title=_(u"Contact form top text"),
            description=_(u"Custom text for the long contact form upper part"),
            required=False,
            default=u"")

More information

Wrapped and non-wrapped forms

A z3c.form.form.Form object is “wrapped” when it is rendered inside Plone page frame and having acquisition chain in intact.

Since plone.app.z3cform 0.5.0 the behavior goes like this:

  • Plone 3 forms are automatically wrapped

  • Plone 4 forms are unwrapped

The wrapper is a plone.z3cform.interfaces.IWrappedForm marker interface on the form object, applied it after the form instance has been constructed. If this marker interface is not applied, plone.z3cform.ZopeTwoFormTemplateFactory tries to embed the form into Plone page frame. If the form is not intended to be rendered as a full page form, this usually leads to the following exception:

*** ContentProviderLookupError: plone.htmlhead

The form tries to render the full Plone page. Rendering this page needs an acquisition chain set-up for the view and the template. Embedded forms do not have this, or it would lead to recursion error.

If you are constructing form instances manually and want to render them without Plone page decoration, you must make sure that automatic form wrapping does not take place:

import zope.interface
from plone.z3cform.interfaces import IWrappedForm

class SomeView(BrowserView):

    def init(self):
        """ Constructor embedded sub forms """

        # Construct few embedded forms
        self.mobile_form_instance = MobileForm(
                self.context, self.request)
        zope.interface.alsoProvides(
                self.mobile_form_instance, IWrappedForm)

        self.publishing_form_instance = PublishingForm(
                self.context, self.request)
        zope.interface.alsoProvides(
                self.publishing_form_instance, IWrappedForm)

        self.override_form_instance = getMultiAdapter(
                (self.context, self.request),
                IOverrideForm)
        zope.interface.alsoProvides(
                self.override_form_instance, IWrappedForm)

Embedding z3c.form forms in portlets, viewlets and views

By default, when plone.app.z3cform is installed through the add-on installer, all forms have full Plone page frame. If you are rendering forms inside non-full-page objects, you need to change the default template.

Below is an example how to include a z3c.form-based form in a portlet.

Note

plone.app.z3cform version 0.5.1 or later is needed, as older versions do not support overriding form.action property.

You need the following:

  • a z3c.form class

  • the viewlet/portlet class

  • A form wrapper template which renders the frame around the form. The default version renders the whole Plone page frame — you don’t want this when the form is embedded, otherwise you get infinite recursion (plone page having a form having a plone page…)

  • Portlet/viewlet template which refers to the form

  • ZCML to register all components

Portlet code:

from plone.z3cform.layout import FormWrapper

class PortletFormView(FormWrapper):
     """ Form view which renders z3c.forms embedded in a portlet.

     Subclass FormWrapper so that we can use custom frame template. """

     index = ViewPageTemplateFile("formwrapper.pt")

class Renderer(base.Renderer):
    """ z3c.form portlet renderer.

    Instiate form and wrap it to a special layout template
    which will give the form suitable frame to be used in the portlet.

    We also set a form action attribute, so that
    the browser goes to another page after the form has been submitted
    (we really don't know what kind of page the portlet is displayed
    and is it safe to submit forms there, so we do this to make sure).
    The action page points to a browser:page view where the same
    form is displayed as full-page form, giving the user to better
    user experience to fix validation errors.
    """

    render = ViewPageTemplateFile('zohocrmcontact.pt')

    def __init__(self, context, request, view, manager, data):
        base.Renderer.__init__(self, context, request, view, manager, data)
        self.form_wrapper = self.createForm()

    def createForm(self):
        """ Create a form instance.

        @return: z3c.form wrapped for Plone 3 view
        """

        context = self.context.aq_inner

        returnURL = self.context.absolute_url()

        # Create a compact version of the contact form
        # (not all fields visible)
        form = ZohoContactForm(context, self.request, returnURLHint=returnURL, full=False)

        # Wrap a form in Plone view
        view = PortletFormView(context, self.request)
        view = view.__of__(context) # Make sure acquisition chain is respected
        view.form_instance = form

        return view

    def getContactFormURL(self):
        """ For rendering the form link at the bottom of the portlet.

        @return: URL leading to the full contact form
        """
        return self.form_wrapper.form_instance.action

formwrapper.pt is just a dummy form view template which wraps the form. This differs from standard form wrapper by not rendering Plone main layout around the form.

<div class="portlet-form">
   <div tal:replace="structure view/contents" />
</div>

Then the portlet template itself (zohoportlet.pt) renders the portlet. The form is rendered using: <form tal:replace="structure view/form_wrapper" />.

<dl class="portlet portletZohoCRMContact"
    i18n:domain="mfabrik.plonezohointegration">

    <dt class="portletHeader">
        <span class="portletTopLeft"></span>
        <span i18n:translate="portlet_title">
           Contact Us
        </span>
        <span class="portletTopRight"></span>
    </dt>

    <dd class="portletItem odd">
        <form tal:replace="structure view/form_wrapper" />
    </dd>

    <dd class="portletFooter">
        <span class="portletBottomLeft"></span>
        <a href=""
           tal:attributes="href view/getContactFormURL"
           i18n:translate="box_more_news_link">
          Longer contact form&hellip;
        </a>
        <span class="portletBottomRight"></span>
    </dd>

</dl>

Note

Viewlets behave a little differently, since they do some acquisition chain mangling when you assign variables to self. Thus you should never have self.view = view or self.form = form in a viewlet.

Template example for viewlet (don’t do sel.form_wrapper)

<div id="my-viewlet">
    <form tal:replace="structure python:view.createForm()()" />
</div>

Then the necessary parts of form itself:

class IZohoContactForm(zope.interface.Interface):
    """ Form field definitions for Zoho contact forms """

    first_name = schema.TextLine(title=_(u"First name"))

    last_name = schema.TextLine(title=_(u"Last name"))

    company = schema.TextLine(title=_(u"Company / organization"), description=_(u"The organization which you represent"))

    email = schema.TextLine(title=_(u"Email address"), description=_(u"Email address we will use to contact you"))

    phone_number = schema.TextLine(title=_(u"Phone number"),
                                   description=_(u"Your phone number in international format. E.g. +44 12 123 1234"),
                                   required=False,
                                   default=u"")


    returnURL = schema.TextLine(title=_(u"Return URL"),
                                description=_(u"Where the user is taken after the form is successfully submitted"),
                                required=False,
                                default=u"")

class ZohoContactForm(Form):
    """ z3c.form used to handle the new lead submission.

    This form can be rendered

    * standalone (@@zoho-contact-form view)

    * embedded into the portlet

    ..note::

        It is recommended to use a CSS rule
        to hide form descriptions when rendered in the portlet to save
        some screen estate.

    Example CSS::

        .portletZohoCRMContact .formHelp {
           display: none;
        }
    """

    fields = Fields(IZohoContactForm)

    label = _(u"Contact Us")

    description = _(u"If you are interested our services leave your contact information below and our sales representatives will contact you.")

    ignoreContext = True

    def __init__(self, context, request, returnURLHint=None, full=True):
        """

        @param returnURLHint: Should we enforce return URL for this form

        @param full: Show all available fields or just required ones.
        """
        Form.__init__(self, context, request)
        self.all_fields = full

        self.returnURLHint = returnURLHint

    @property
    def action(self):
        """ Rewrite HTTP POST action.

        If the form is rendered embedded on the others pages we
        make sure the form is posted through the same view always,
        instead of making HTTP POST to the page where the form was rendered.
        """
        return self.context.portal_url() + "/@@zoho-contact-form"

    def updateWidgets(self):
        """ Make sure that return URL is not visible to the user.
        """
        Form.updateWidgets(self)

        # Use the return URL suggested by the creator of this form
        # (if not acting standalone)
        self.widgets["returnURL"].mode = z3c.form.interfaces.HIDDEN_MODE
        if self.returnURLHint:
            self.widgets["returnURL"].value = self.returnURLHint

        # Prepare compact version of this formw
        if not self.all_fields:
            # Hide fields which we don't want to bother user with
            self.widgets["phone_number"].mode = z3c.form.interfaces.HIDDEN_MODE


    @button.buttonAndHandler(_('Send contact request'), name='ok')
    def send(self, action):
        """ Form button hander. """

        data, errors = self.extractData()

        if not errors:

            settings = self.getZohoSettings()
            if settings is None:
                self.status = _(u"Zoho is not configured in Site Setup. Please contact the site administration.")
                return

            crm = CRM(settings.username, settings.password, settings.apikey)

            # Fill in data going to Zoho CRM
            lead = {
                "First Name" : data["first_name"],
                "Last Name" : data["last_name"],
                "Company" : data["company"],
                "Email" : data["email"],
            }

            phone = data.get("phone_number", "")
            if phone != "":
                # Only pass phone number to Zoho if it's set
                lead["Phone"] = phone

            # Pass in all prefilled lead fields configured in the site setup
            lead.update(self.parseExtraFields(settings.crm_lead_extra_data))

            # Open Zoho API connection
            try:
                # This will raise ZohoException and nuke the request
                # if Zoho credentials are wrong
                crm.open()

                # Make sure that wfTrigger is true
                # and Zoho does workflow actions for the new leads
                # (like informing sales about the availability of the lead)
                crm.insert_records([lead], {"wfTrigger" : "true"})
            except IOError:
                # Network down?
                self.status = _(u"Cannot connect to Zoho servers. Please contact web site administration")
                return

            ok_message = _(u"Thank you for contacting us. Our sales representatives will come back to you in few days")


            # Check whether this form was submitted from another page
            returnURL = data.get("returnURL", "")

            if returnURL != "" and returnURL is not None:

                # Go to page where we were sent and
                # pass the confirmation message as status message (in session)
                # as we are not in the control of the destination page
                from Products.statusmessages.interfaces import IStatusMessage
                messages = IStatusMessage(self.request)
                messages.addStatusMessage(ok_message, type="info")
                self.request.response.redirect(returnURL)
            else:
                # Act standalone
                self.status = ok_message
        else:
            # errors on the form
            self.status = _(u"Please fill in all the fields")

Further reading

This example code was taken from the mfabrik.plonezohointegration product which is in the Plone collective.

Validators

Introduction

There are three kind of validation hooks you can use with z3c.form

  • zope.schema field parameter specific

  • zope.schema @invariant (validation is model specific)

  • zope.schema constraint (validation is model specific)

  • z3c.form (validation is bound to the form instance)

Field specific internal validators

When you define your field with zope.schema you can enable flags for field internal validation. This include e.g.

  • required is field required on the form or not

  • min and max for number based fields

Example:

class LocalizationOfStenosisForm(form.Schema):

    degreeOfStenosis = schema.Float(
        title=u'Degree of stenosis %',
        required=False,
        min=0.0,
        max=100.0
    )

For available internal validation options, see the field source code in zope.schema package.

Constraint validators

zope.schema fields take a callable argument constraint which defines a Python function validating the incoming value.

import zope.interface

def lastNameConstraint(value):
     if value and value == value.lower():
         raise zope.interface.Invalid(u"Name must have at least one capital letter")
     return True

class IPerson(zope.interface.Interface):

     lastName = zope.schema.TextLine(
         title=u'Last Name',
         description=u'The person's last name.',
         default=u'',
         required=True,
         constraint=lastNameConstraint)

For more information, see zope.schema documentation.

Invariant validators

Invariants validator do validations between fields. They are checked after the single field validations are processed.

Example: With invariants it is possible to check if start date is before end date:

from zope.interface import Invalid
from zope.interface import invariant

@provider(IFormFieldProvider)
class ISomeDates(form.Schema):

    @invariant
    def start_before_end(data):
        if data.start > data.end:
            raise Invalid(_(u'Start must be before end!'))

Form widget validators

Example: How to use widget specific validators with z3c.form:

from z3c.form import validator
import zope.component

class IZohoContactForm(form.Schema):
    """ Form field definitions for Zoho contact forms """

    phone_number = schema.TextLine(
        title=_(u'Phone number'),
        description=_(u'Your phone number in international format. E.g. +44 12 123 1234'),
                    required=False,
                    default=u''
        )

class PhoneNumberValidator(validator.SimpleFieldValidator):
    """ z3c.form validator class for international phone numbers """

    def validate(self, value):
        """ Validate international phone number on input """
        allowed_characters = '+- () / 0123456789'

        if value is None:
            return

        value = value.strip()

        if not value:
            # Assume empty string = no input
           return

        # The value is not required
        for ch in value:
            if ch not in allowed_characters:
                raise zope.interface.Invalid(
                    _(u'Phone number contains bad characters')
                )

        if len(value) < 7:
            raise zope.interface.Invalid(_(u'Phone number is too short'))

# Set conditions for which fields the validator class applies.
# This is convinience and in fact does the same as an @adapter decorator
# on the PhoneNumberValidator class with the needed interfaces/classes
validator.WidgetValidatorDiscriminators(
    PhoneNumberValidator,
    field=IZohoContactForm['phone_number']
)

In configure.zcml add an adapter registration like so:

<adapter factory=".myform.PhoneNumberValidator" />

More info

Custom field specific validation in form action handlers and update()

Customizing and translating error messages

If you want to custom error messages on per-field level:

from zope.schema._bootstrapinterfaces import RequiredMissing
RequiredMissingErrorMessage = error.ErrorViewMessage(_(u'Required value is missing.'), error=RequiredMissing, field=IEmailFormSchema['email'])
zope.component.provideAdapter(RequiredMissingErrorMessage, name='message')

Leave field parameter out if you want the new error message to apply to all fields.

Read-only and disabled fields

Read-only fields are not rendered in form edit mode:

courseModeAccordion = schema.TextLine(
    title=u"Courses by mode accordion",
    default=u"Automatically from database",
    readonly=True
)

If the widget mode is display then it is rendered as in form view mode, so that the user cannot edit:

form.mode(courseModeAccordion="display")
courseModeAccordion = schema.TextLine(
    title=u"Courses by mode accordion",
    default=u"Automatically from database",
)